Imagine a bowl of steaming prawn noodles, made almost entirely with prawns and including no flour (the prime ingredient in noodles). This is the type of food you can produce using transglutaminase (“meat glue”). Transglutaminase breaks down the cells of meat and basically turns it to a mush that can be piped or shaped. It is used in commercial food for binding meats together (as in hot dogs and sausages) but it really comes to life in the hands of modern chefs.
9. METHYL CELLULOSE
This is an incredibly exciting product being used in cooking. Methyl cellulose is a compound that turns to a firm gel when it is heated. For this reason, many bakeries mix it into their pie fillings to ensure that they don’t spill out of their pastry shells when cooking. But, the molecular gastronomers have found a more exciting use for it in their restaurants: hot ice cream! This is done by mixing a standard ice cream base with methyl cellulose (1.5 percent of the total recipe) and submerging a scoop filled with the liquid into a pot of hot water. The hot water causes the ice cream to go hard. This is served immediately and as the ice cream cools down, it melts!
8. OTHER SENSES
Some restaurants are now experimenting with food via the other senses that we normally don’t relate to cuisine, such as darkness and audio. For example, when eating in a pitch black environment, diners are said to have a much greater appreciation of individual flavors in food as they are not distracted by the built-in perceptions of food that come from appearance. Other restaurants use sound to enhance flavor: at the Fat Duck in Bray, England, there is a course called “Sound of the Sea” in which you listen to the sounds of the sea through an iPod while eating powdered baby eels, oysters, pickled onion juice foam, and more. It is an extraordinary experience. Scientists have shown that when a person eats a carrot with the crunch amplified via a microphone and headphones, the consumer believes it to be much fresher and cleaner tasting than a carrot without the audio equipment.
7. POWDERS
Powders are a new addition to modern menus; they are flavors that are dried to a dust and then sprinkled or served alongside food as a garnish. In some restaurants they are served as an entire course on their own. The main method for preparing powders is to mix a liquid of some type with maltodextrin. This is then processed in a food processor until you get a powder of the consistency you prefer. An incredibly tasty powder is made from rendered bacon fat and maltodextrin; it melts in your mouth while filling it with an intense bacon flavor. What more could anyone want to eat?
No doubt we are all familiar with the good old slow-cooked stews our parents made. But modern cuisine has to take things further. First, a little science: when cooking meat at a high temperature, the flesh contracts and pushes the liquid out—the end result being a dry lump of hard meat. The solution to this is to cook the meat at the perfect temperature for eating—low enough not to cause constriction of the flesh. Master chef Heston Blumenthal has a recipe that calls for beef to be cooked at 50 degrees for twenty-four hours. When it is done, you sear it with a blowtorch to brown and flavor it. The resulting flesh is so soft it can be cut with a spoon. In his restaurant, The Fat Duck, he roasts a chicken at high temperatures for the juices (and does not serve the meat), and then cooks one at low temperatures for the soft meat. This is served with the juices from the first bird. Expensive, but worth it.
In a way this is a rather ancient method of cooking—eggs could be said to be cooked sous vide when boiled. Sous vide (meaning “under vacuum”) is when food is vacuum packed and cooked in a pot of boiling water until it is done. The benefit of this type of cooking is that meat can be cooked for hours without overcooking. For example, beef can be cooked to medium rare by boiling it in a vacuum-sealed bag for one-and-a-half hours at 160 degrees. Oxtail will cook perfectly in eight hours at 165 degrees. Because the water can be kept at a constant temperature (with the use of a thermometer), you cannot overcook the meat. When the meat is done, you can brown it with a blowtorch or in a frying pan—guaranteed perfect results every time—and the most tender meat you could imagine.
4. AIR
In the finest of modern restaurants, gravy and sauce are becoming a thing of the past, being replaced with airs and foams. Airs are produced by using a submersion blender with cooking juices or fruit juices, combined with a stabilizer, usually lecithin. The blender causes the liquid to froth up and the froth is then used on the plated meal. Foams are slightly more dense than airs and they are generally made with a similar liquid, but foamed up in a cream whipping device charged with nitrous oxide. Airs and foams are both used in the same way but for different effects. It should also be noted that in some restaurants, you can be served a course which is made of nothing but air.
3. VAPOR
If you thought airs were unusual, you ain’t seen nothin’ yet! In many haute cuisine restaurants, all of the senses come into play—and smell (perhaps the most important sense next to taste) can play a significant role. The idea is to bathe the diners in scents that cause a deepening of the flavors of the food. This is achieved in a variety of ways. At the Fat Duck (rated best restaurant in the world in 2007), waiters spray lime scent when serving lime and green tea mousse. At El Bulli (ranked the best restaurant in the world in 2008), diners are given fresh stems of rosemary to smell while they eat, and in some restaurants, bags filled with food scents are stuck with holes and weighted so there is a constant release of odor during the meal. Next time you eat a piece of lamb, try sniffing a stem of rosemary instead of adding it while cooking; you get the flavor of rosemary without overpowering the delicate lamb flavor.
Alginates are a type of gum that cause calcium-based liquids to gel. They are used to create “caviar”—fruit juices in the form of caviar, ravioli without pasta, and much more. The uses are virtually unlimited.
Freezing has long been a staple in kitchens and cooking, but it is only recently that it is really coming to the fore, particularly extreme temperature and fast freezing. Liquid nitrogen is especially useful in making ice cream as the rapid freezing prevents ice crystals from forming which prevents an inferior product. Liquid-nitrogen-frozen ice cream is the smoothest, silkiest ice cream you will ever eat and it takes only a few minutes to freeze. You can also use this technique to freeze pure fruit juices into sorbets.
By Jamie Frater in '"The Ultimate Book of Top Ten Lists: A Mind-Boggling Collection of Fun, Fascinating and Bizarre Facts on Movies, Music, Sports, Crime, Celebrities, History, Trivia and More", Ulysses Press, 2009, p.522-527. Edited and adapted to be posted by Leopoldo Costa.
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